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58彩票2023-01-31 16:05

家庭防疫消毒慎用紫外线设备******

  消毒是阻断病毒传播的有效方式之一。近日,随着新冠病毒感染者居家隔离人数的增多,如何有效地消毒成为热议话题。有公众提出,紫外线消毒杀菌率高达99%,用于降低新冠病毒传染致病性0.3秒的时间就足够了。

  那么,这种观点是否正确?家庭防疫,用紫外线消毒设备是否靠谱?

  深紫外波段可实现杀菌灭活

  紫外线位于光谱中紫色光之外,为不可见光。在日常生活中,人们经常利用紫外线杀菌消毒,例如在太阳底下晒被子就是典型的利用紫外线消毒的例子。

  中国科学院半导体研究所研究员闫建昌告诉科技日报记者,紫外线可以根据波长,由长到短划分为UVA、UVB、UVC三种波段。由于紫外线的波长与光子能量成反比,因此当紫外线的波长越短时,其光子能量越高,相应的杀菌消毒能力就会越强。

  “UVA波段指波长在320—400纳米的紫外线,平时生活中照射到地表的紫外线,大部分是UVA波段,它有一定的抑制细菌的能力。UVC波段指波长在200—280纳米的紫外线,也被称为深紫外波段,这一波段的紫外线能够破坏细菌或病毒的DNA与RNA链条,使其失去复制或繁殖的能力,从而真正实现有效地杀菌灭活。”闫建昌说。

  闫建昌认为,正确地使用紫外线可以消灭新冠病毒,但0.3秒内即可降低新冠病毒传染致病性,这种说法并不严谨。

  “能否较快较好地消灭病毒,主要是看紫外线的剂量。紫外线的剂量受到紫外线的光功率,即单位面积上光能量大小的影响。同样波长下的紫外线,光功率越高,紫外线的剂量越大,杀菌的时间自然会越短。因此,只有在足够强的光功率下,才有可能实现0.3秒消杀新冠病毒。”闫建昌说。

  中国疾控中心环境所研究员沈瑾也指出,一般情况下,传统的紫外线灯消毒作用时间为半小时,尽管近年来紫外线技术有新的发展,但目前还没有系统的、权威的研究或报道显示,0.3秒的时间就可以达到消毒的效果。

  紫外线消毒灯存在安全隐患

  深紫外波段的紫外线具有较强的杀菌效果。那么在家庭防疫中,用紫外线消毒灯进行消毒是否是一个靠谱的选择?

  原武钢二医院外科主任医师、武汉科技大学医学院外科学兼职教授纪光伟指出,紫外线和其他光一样,沿直线传播,穿透能力较差。如果有遮挡物,紫外线消毒灯的杀菌效果就会大打折扣。同时,紫外线消毒灯还存在安全隐患。深紫外波段能够消灭病毒,也能损害人体细胞。“如果使用不当,可能会灼伤眼睛或皮肤,增加患眼部疾病和皮肤癌的风险。”纪光伟说。

  此外,闫建昌还指出,当紫外线的波长短于240纳米时,会在空气中激发出臭氧,如果没有及时通风,当臭氧达到一定浓度时,会对呼吸道造成损害。目前在民用和工业领域消毒杀菌应用的深紫外光源大多是汞灯,使用汞元素作为核心发光材料。如果意外破损可能会造成汞泄漏,危害人体健康。

  家庭防疫应采取何种消毒方式

  除了紫外线消毒灯,一些家用空气消毒机和手持式的LED消毒器也应用了紫外线杀菌技术。据闫建昌介绍,这两种设备具有相对较高的安全性。

  “应用了紫外线杀菌技术的空气消毒机,其紫外线的作用环境在消毒机内部,不会存在照射到人的风险。同时,这类产品在上市之前,还需要做紫外线泄露的相关检测,能够保证安全性。”闫建昌说,“LED紫外线手持消毒器紫外线的光功率较低,手持的操作方式也相对安全。同时,部分消毒器还具有红外传感等功能,如果检测到人会停止工作。”

  除了紫外线消毒设备外,家庭防疫还可以使用酒精和含氯的消毒液。

  纪光伟告诉记者,75%的酒精可以消灭新冠病毒。日常生活中,可以采用涂抹酒精的方式对物体表面进行消毒。“切忌在空气中喷洒酒精消毒,以免遇火而引起火灾。在使用酒精时,还需要避开明火。”纪光伟说。

  在含氯的消毒液中,较为常见的产品是84消毒液。纪光伟表示,84消毒液以次氯酸钠为主要成分,物表消毒的浓度一般为3%,具体配比要按照说明书进行操作。在配比完成后,最好采用涂抹的方式进行物表消毒,或直接用消毒液拖地。完成消毒后,需要等待一段时间,再用清水擦拭,去除多余的消毒液。

  最后,在居家防疫中,还要避免过度消毒。纪光伟表示,常温条件下新冠病毒在大部分物品表面存活时间较短。在患者居家期间,应加强室内通风,主要做好重点区域,例如共用卫生间和共用物品的消毒。

  “我们生活在一个充满微生物的环境中,除了有害的微生物外,还有一些对我们健康有益的微生物。频繁消毒,会影响家里正常菌群的平衡,甚至导致疾病的发生。”纪光伟说。(记者苏菁菁)

58彩票

中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

  中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。

  2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

  日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

  日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

  事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。

  因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。

  日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

  《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

  德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

  日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

  国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。

  太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。

  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

  By John Lee

  (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

  Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

  The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

  On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

  The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

  In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

  Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

  The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

  The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

  The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

  According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

  As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

  However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

  Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

  The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

  If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.

 

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